Tinbergens 4 frågor

Definition

The four levels of explanation at which Tinbergen () argued that a behaviour can and should be understood.

Introduction

In one of the founding texts of the field of ethology, On Aims and Methods of Ethology, Niko Tinbergen () proposed that a complete understanding of any given behavior necessitates explanation at four different levels (the “four major problems of biology”): causal (or mechanistic), ontogenetic, phylogenetic, and functional. These levels of explanation have variously been referred to as Tinbergen’s four questions and Tinbergen’s four whys. They can be further classified into proximate (causal/mechanistic and ontogenetic) and ultimate (phylogenetic and functional) levels of explanation, distinctions originally proposed by Ernst Mayr (). Proximate levels of explanation consider the mechanisms of how a behavior is produced, while ultimate explanation accounts

Tinbergens 4 fr&#;gor: niv&#;er av biologisk f&#;rklaring

Innehåll

M&#;nniskan har alltid ifr&#;gasatt ursprunget och orsakerna till de saker som h&#;nder honom. Till&#;mpningen av denna nyfikenhet p&#; kunskap inom omr&#;det biologi har gett plats f&#;r etologi, bland andra vetenskapsgrenar.

En av f&#;derna till denna vetenskap &#;r Nikolaas Tinbergen, en zoolog som gav flera bidrag till studien av levande varelser. Bland dem hittar vi det som kallas Tinbergens 4 fr&#;gor, ett f&#;rs&#;k att sortera ok&#;nda f&#;r att svara om biologi och beteende hos alla djur (inklusive m&#;nniskor).

Vilken funktion har ett beteende? Hur utvecklas, utvecklas och vad orsakar det? Forts&#;tt l&#;sa om du vill veta dessa svar.

  • Relaterad artikel: "De 10 grenarna av biologi: deras m&#;l och egenskaper"

Bakgrund: biologins b&#;rjan

Aristoteles bekr&#;ftade redan att "att veta n&#;got vetenskapligt &#;r att k&#;nna till orsakerna". Han etablerade ocks&#; 4 typer av orsaker: materiella, formella, effektiva och slutgiltiga. Detta kan betraktas som ett prejudikat f&#;r Tinbergens fr&#;gor, eftersom det var t&#;nkt att vara utg&#;ngspunkten f&#;r f&#;rfr&#;gningar

  • tinbergens 4 frågor

    • Tinbergen's four questions

    Analysis of djur behaviour

    Tinbergen's fyra questions, named after 20th century biologist Nikolaas Tinbergen, are complementary categories of explanations for animal behaviour. These are also commonly referred to as levels of analysis.[1] It suggests that an integrative understanding of behaviour must include ultimate (evolutionary) explanations, in particular:

    Four categories of questions and explanations

    [edit]

    When asked about the purpose of sight in humans and animals, even elementary-school children can answer that animals have framtidsperspektiv to help them find food and avoid danger (function/adaptation). Biologists have three additional explanations: sight fryst vatten caused bygd a particular series of evolutionary steps (phylogeny), the mechanics of the eye (mechanism/causation), and even the process of an individual's development (ontogeny). This schema constitutes a basic ramverk of the overlapping behavioural fields of ethology, behavioural ecology, comparative psychology, sociobiology, evolutionary psychology, and antropologi. Julian Huxley identified the first three questions. Niko Tinbergen gave only the fourth question, as Huxley's